List of abbreviations: 3-phosphono-L-Ala: 3-phosphono-L-alanine ALG: alternative leaving groups ADP: Adenosine diphosphate AMP: Adenosine monophosphate ATP: adenosine triphosphate CoASH: Coenzyme A dCMP: deoxycytidine monophosphate dGMP: deoxyguanosine monophosphate DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid dNTP: deoxynucleotide triphosphate dTMP: thymidine monophosphate

Artificial nucleic acids have the potential to propagate genetic information in vivo purposefully insulated from the canonical replication and transcription processes of cells. Natural nucleic acids are synthesized using nucleoside triphosphates as building blocks and polymerases as catalysts, pyrophosphate functioning as the universal leaving group for DNA and RNA biosynthesis. In order to avoid entanglement between the propagation of artificial nucleic acids in vivo and the cellular information processes, we promote the biosynthesis of natural and xenobiotic nucleic acids (XNA) dependent on the involvement of leaving groups distinct from pyrophosphate. The feasibility of such radically novel biochemical systems relies on the systematic exploration of the chemical diversity of nucleic acid leaving groups that can undergo the catalytic mechanism of phosphotransfer in nucleic acid polymerization. Initial forays in this research area demonstrate the wide acceptance of polymerases and augur well for in vivo implementation and integration with canonical metabolism.